Mind Map Gallery Human Memory Overview
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Human Memory Overview
The diagram likely illustrates the structure and processes of human memory. It may be divided into sections such as:Encoding (the process of converting sensory input into a form that memory can use)、Storage (the process of retaining information over time)、Retrieval (the process of getting information out of memory storage).
Edited at 2024-03-03 07:07:06
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Memory
Definition and types
Memory refers to the mental process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information.
There are different types of memory, including sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
Sensory memory is the brief storage of sensory information in its original form.
It allows us to perceive the world around us and holds information for a fraction of a second.
Examples include iconic memory (visual information) and echoic memory (auditory information).
Short-term memory (also known as working memory) is where we temporarily hold and manipulate information for immediate use.
It has limited capacity and lasts for about 20-30 seconds without rehearsal.
Maintenance rehearsal can help transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory.
Long-term memory is the relatively permanent storage and retrieval of information.
It has unlimited capacity and can store information for hours, days, or even a lifetime.
It consists of explicit memory (conscious recall of facts and events) and implicit memory (unconscious memory processing).
Processes and models
Memory involves three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval.
Encoding is the process of converting information into a form that can be stored in memory.
It can be done through various encoding strategies such as rehearsal, organization, and elaboration.
Deep processing, which involves relating new information to existing knowledge, enhances encoding.
Storage is the retention of encoded information over time.
It is facilitated by the hippocampus and other brain structures, which consolidate and store memories.
Information can be stored in different memory systems, including semantic, episodic, and procedural memory.
Retrieval is the process of accessing or recalling stored information from memory.
It can be influenced by retrieval cues, context, and the strength of the original memory trace.
Retrieval can occur through recall (reconstructing information) or recognition (identifying information).
Several models explain how memory works, including the multi-store model and the levels of processing model.
The multi-store model proposes that memory consists of separate sensory, short-term, and long-term memory stores.
Information flows through these stores via processes like attention, rehearsal, and transfer.
Forgetting can occur at any stage of the process, such as decay, interference, or retrieval failure.
The levels of processing model suggests that memory depends on the depth of processing rather than a separate memory store.
It emphasizes the role of semantic processing (meaning) over shallow structural or phonemic processing.
The more deeply information is processed, the better it is remembered.
Factors influencing memory
Memory can be influenced by various factors, including attention, motivation, and emotional state.
Attention is crucial for encoding and storing information effectively.
Divided attention or distractions can lead to reduced encoding and poorer memory.
Selective attention helps filter relevant information for further processing and storage.
Motivation plays a role in memory as it affects the amount of effort put into encoding and retrieving information.
Increased motivation can enhance memory, while low motivation can lead to reduced performance.
Intrinsic motivation (personal interest) often leads to better memory compared to extrinsic motivation.
Emotional state influences memory through the release of stress hormones and the activation of brain regions.
Emotional events are often remembered more vividly and accurately than neutral events.
Strong emotions can improve memory consolidation and retrieval, but excessive stress can impair memory.
Other factors that affect memory include the spacing of study sessions (spacing effect), primacy and recency effects in remembering lists, and the impact of age or neurological conditions on memory functioning.
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