MindMap Gallery Morphology of flowering plants
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Morphology of flowering plants
Morphology of flowering plants refers to the study of the external structure and form of plants that produce flowers.
Edited at 2023-09-22 13:55:36
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Morphology of flowering plants
Roots
Fibrous root system
Monocotyledon plants example rice 🍚, wheat 🌾 and onion 🧅
Arises from base of stem
Tap root system
Dicotyledon plants example 🥕 and mustard
Develops from radicle
Modifications
storage of food
carrot ,radish and beetroot
for respiration
rhizophora
in waterlog condition the root form special structure called pneumatophores which are seen in mangrove plants
for nitrogen fixation
nodulated roots of leguminous plants
Adventitious root system
Grass ,monstera , Banyan 🌲
Develops from any part other than radicle
Modifications
for mechanical support
prop roots of Banyan
stilt roots of maize and sugarcane
storage of food
fasiculated root in asparagus
tuberous root in sweet potato
Regions
Root cap
protects the root cap always one in number
can be replaced if gets damage and does not absorb water
Zone of meristem
consists of continuously dividing cells which are smaller in size
lack membrane bound cell organelles and contains dense cytoplasm with prominent nuclei
zone of elongation
the cells elongate due to vacuolar elongation
responsible for increasing the length of root
zone of maturation
cell differentiate to perform particular function
only region water can be absorbed due to the presence of root hairs
Functions
absorption of water and mineral from the soil
provided proper anchorage age to the plants
storage of reserve food material
synthesis of plant growth regulators
Stem
Characteristics
presence of nodes and internodes
Functions
spreading out branches bearing leaves, flowers and fruit
conducts water and minerals and helps in food storage
supportive and protections and vegetative propagation
Modifications
Aerial stem
Climbing on support
Gourds
Protection
As thorns
Citrus and Bougainville
Photosynthesis
Phyllocade
Optunia and euphorbia
underground stem
For storage of food and vegetative propagation
Tuber potato
corm which is colacasia i and zamikand
bulb -onion and garlic 🧄
Rhizome -Ginger and turmeric
sub aerial stem
Runner
Grass
Strawberry
Offset
pistia
eichhornia
sucker
Banana
pineapple 🍍
stolon
mint
Jasmine
Leaf
Arises from node
characteristics
bears axillary Bud
leaves originate from the shoot apical meristem and arranged in acropital order
Function
important vegetative organ for photosynthesis
structure of leaf
leaf base
leave base attaches the leaf to the stem
may bear two lateral like structure called stipule
is stipul is present on leave then it is stipulate and if absent then it is ex stipulate
pulvinous
leguminous plant
leaf sheath
monocots
petiole
helps to hold the leaf blade to light
long thin flexible petioles allow leaf blade to flatter in wind and their cooling leaves and bringing fresh air to the leaf surface
lamina
major part for photosynthesis
contains veins and veinlets. veins which provide rigidity to the lamina and acts as channels of transportation for water minerals and food materials
venation arrangement of veins and veinlets in the leaf
reticulate venation in dicot plant
parallel venation in monocot plant
Types
simple
leaf margin is entire and if it shows incisions then it does not touch the midrib
china 🌹
compound
pinnately
if incisions occur in unicostate leave
leaflets attached to rachis
neem
palmately
if incidence occur in multicostate divergent 🌿
the leaflets are attached to the tip of the petiole
silk cotton
phyllotaxy
alternate
single leave at each node
China rose ,mustard in sunflower
opposite
pair of leave at each node
calotropis and guava
whorled
more than two leaves arises at a node
Alstonia
Modifications
Tendrils
pea
spines
cacti
phyllode
acacia
Insectivorous plants
pitcher plant and Venus fly trap 🪤
Flower
modified shoot where shoot apical meristem changes to floral meristem
if shoot tip transform into a flower it solitary in case of China rose
inflorescence
cymose
main Axis terminates into a flower
limited growth
Basipetal order of arrangement
liliacea and solanacea
racemose
main axis continues to grow
acroetal arrangement
Gulmohar, sunflower, cauliflower
parts
calyx
outermost whorl
made of sepals
Sepals are green leaf like & protect the flower in the bud stage The calyx (sepals free) may. be gamosepalous (sepals united) or polysepalous
corolla
> Composed of Petals Petals are brightly-coloured to attract the insects for pollination .it may be gamopetalous (petals united orpolypetalous (petals freee)
aestivation
Arrangement of sepals & petals in floral bud •Valvate Sepals of petals in a whorl just touch one another and at the Margin without overlapping. Ex-Calotrophis • Twisted - One margin of the appendage overlaps that of the next one and so one overlapping in a single direction. Ex. china rose, lady's finger and cotton. • Imbricate- but not in a particular direction. •Imbricate -overlapping but not in a particular direction Eg- Cassia & gulmohar ,•Vexillary-over in this there are 5 petals the largest overlap the lateral to which in turn overlap to smallest anterior petals. eg pea and bean
androcieum
stamens free
polyandrous
stamens fused
adelphous
•Monoadelphous:- All the filaments are fused to form a single staminal tube rg:- china rase diadelphous - 10 stamens (9) +1 eg: pea, ben r •Polyadelphous: 2 or 3 bundles formed by fusion of filament example Citrus and castor
syngenaceous
Asteraceae
synandrous
cucurbitaceal
terminology
•Epiipetalous-Filaments fused with petals eg :- solanacea family, china rose •epiphyllous Filaments fused with perianth tepals).eg lily •Didynamius -ocium and Salvia -2 outer long + 2 inner short filament •Tetradynamous-6stamens. eg: Mustard (Brassicaceae)
general characteristics
each anther is usually bilobed. Each lobe has 2 chambers are called pollen sacs which contain pollen grains A aterile stamen is called & staminode
gynoecium
Female reproductive part → uppermost whost → Carpel / pistil • Stigma = landing / Receptive Surface for pollen grains. Style = the pollen tube grows •Style -pollen tube gross towards the ovules through the style •Ovary -swollen base of the carpel By placenta ovules are attached If carpels are free then Apocarpus if carpels are fused then synocarpus
carpels
Monocarpillary → Eg: pea, bean (fabaceae) Bicarpillary solanaceae family Tricarpillary liliiacea family. Pentacarpillary china rose laddy's finger( okra), catton
placentation
arrangement of ovules in the ovary i
marginal placentation where the ovules are attached to one suture forming two rows
pea ,bean
develops from a monocarpillary ovary
parietal placentation
- The ovary is multicarpillary but syncarpous condition eg Mustard, Argemone - Placenta present at the periphery, -The ovary is Unilocular but in mustard it appears as Bilocular due to false septum known as replum
Axile placentation
seen in multi carpillary syncarpous ovary - Ovary is multicarpillay -no of carpels fused can be observed by the half locules"
Free Central
ovules borne on central axis septa "absent in the ovary Eg:- Primerose, Dianthus
Basal placentation
single ovule in ovary
Types
Complete flower china rose and incomplete flower lily
Bisexual i.e both stamen and carpel present as in China rose Unisexual flower i.e staminate or pistillate
monoecious plant i.e both male and female flowers are on the same plant as in pumpkin and cucumber
dietious plants both male and female present on different plant part as in papaya
monocarpic plant pictures flowering once in a lifetime exceptionally bamboo but all the annual in binneals plants are monocarpic
plant which shows flowering multiple times in lifetime is polycarpic as in case of mango
bract is a leaf like structure present at the base of the pedicel
bracteate if bract present and ebracteate if bract is absent
symmetry
Actinomorphic
radial symmetry
mustard,datura,chili
Zygomorphic
bilateral
pea, bean,cassai, gulmohar
Asymmetric
irregular
canna
ovary position
hypogynous
superior ovary
mustard, China rose and brinjal
perigynous
ovary half inferior
plum , rose and peach
epigigynous
ovary inferior
guava, cucumber and ray florets of sunflower 🌻
Floral appendages
trimerous
monocots
tetramerous
dicots
pentamerous
dicots
Seed
fertilized ovule
seed Coat is developed from Integuments •Reserve food lateral (Endosperm) • Embryo-Embryonal axis and cotyledons
Types
Dicotyledon
endospermic or albuminous as in castor in sunflower
non endospermic or ex albuminous as in pea and bean
monocotyledon
endospermic or albuminous as in maize rice and wheat
non endospermic or ex albuminous as an orchid
Family
Fabaceae
This family is also known as Papillionoideala sub-family of leguminosa
→Distributed over the world
vegetative characters
root with nodules leaf either stipulate or pulvinate reticulate venation
Reproductive Characters Inflorescence: Racemose • Flower : Bisexual, zygomorphic, ebracteate • Calyx: 5sepals, gamo sepalous valvate/imbricate aestivation corolla -vexillary aestivation Androcieum -Diadelphous Gynoecium -Monocarpillary syncarpous superior ovary with marginal placentation
seed Non endospermous
•Fruit Pod or legume
Economic Importance -Pulses Ashar dal Moong dal, Pea, bean gram Oil-yielding → soyabean Groundnut [Arachis hypogea] Ornamental -sweetpea and lupin Fodder-Sesbania ,trifolium Dye yeilding -indigofera Fibre yeilding -sunhemp Medicinal plant -muliathi
Solanace
rarely small tree shrubs and herbs
found in tropic subtropic and temperate zones
stem can be erect or climber hollow a solid hairy a glaborous and it is underground
reproductive characters • Calyx = 5 sepals, gamosepalous, valvate aestivation corolla 5 petals, gamepetatalous, valvate aestivation • Androecium 5 stamens, polyandrous, epipetalous Gynoecium =Bicarpillary syncarpous superior ovary with axile placentation •Seed = Endospermous Fruit = →berry or capsule
Economic Importance
Vegetables → Potato, brinjal, tomato • Spices → Chilli o Fumigatory Substance → Tobacco (Nicotiana tobaccum) Ornamental Plants → Datura Medicinal Plants Ashwagandha, Belladona
Characteristics
obliquely placed ovary leaf is ex stipulate persistent calyx
liliacea
Present world wide Perennial Herbs of Shrubs .This is the representative of monocot family.
Reproductive characters • Influoroscence: cymose/ Umbellate cluster • Perianth = 6 tepals brut arranged in a different whorl fused o Androecium-6stamens, epiphyllous, (3+3) arrangement gynoecium = Tricarpillary syncarpous superior ovary with axile placentation
economic importance
Ornamentals
tulip and glorisa
medicinal plant
aloe
vegetables
asparagus and colchicine
Brassicacea
Semi technical description
Bracteates - Br
• Actinomorphic - •Zygomorphic - %
•Bisexual / Hermaphrodite
• Unisexual Staminate
•Perianth-p
Calyx -k
fusion ()
Androcieum -A
gynoecium -G
•Corolla -C
Fruit
the ovary wall forms the fruit wall which is known as the pericap which may be differentiated into
mesocarp
epicarp
endocarp
when the pericarp maybe differentiated into a pick up mesocarp and endocarp this condition is known as fleshy fruit
Drupe
developed from the monocarpillary superior ovaries one seeded endocarp is hard and edible part is mesocarp in case of mango nn case of coconut edible part is endosperm
Berry
developed from multicarpellary cincarpis ovary of a single flower all parts are edible brinjal tomato guava banana
if the pericarp is undeferentiated then it is known as dry fruit
Grain
pericarp is fused with seed coat an indehiscent fruit rice 🍚 wheat 🌾 and mango 🥭
capsule
it is a dry dehiscent fruit and has different mechanism for Speed dispersal includes family of solenaceaand liliacea
Nuts
here the pericap is very hard in case of cashew nut edible part is cotyledon in litchi the edible part is testa
pod
dry dehiscent fruit can be opened by two sutures pea