MindMap Gallery Solid State

Solid State

Solid state refers to the phase of matter where particles are locked into a fixed spatial arrangement, forming a rigid structure. This is in contrast to liquid state, where particles have greater freedom of movement, and gas state, where particles have almost complete freedom of movement. The properties of solids make them crucial in various fields such as materials science, engineering, and chemistry. This is a mind map about solid states. The map contains 8 main branches, namely: AMORPHOUS SOLIDS, ASS'N OF CS, PACKING EFFICIENCY, IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS, CRYSTAL LATTICES&UNITS CELLS, ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES and CLOSE PACKEDSTRACTORIES. Each branch has sub branches for detailed description. Suitable for people interested in chemistry.

Edited at 2023-02-25 17:15:40

varshita kinjarapu

Solid State

varshita kinjarapu

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Outline

solid state

CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS

arrangement of constituent particles - ordered

long range order

NaCl , quartz

sharp MP, anisotropic nature(except cubic crystals), definite geo structue when cut form 2 plain surfaces

AMORPHOUS SOLIDS

no orderly arrangement of particles

short range order

quatz glass, rubber, plastics, glass

structure is similar to that of liquids, pseudo solids / super cooled liquids

soften over range of temp, isotropic nature, when cut form irregular surfaces, no regular structure

amorphous silicon - best photovolatic materialfor conversion of sunlight to elecricity

CLASS'N OF CS

PACKING EFFICIENCY

simple cubic lattice = 52.4%

bcc = 68%

ccp / hcp = 74%

IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS

point defect

irregularities in ideal arrangement around a point or an atom

stoichiometric , non stoichiometric & impurity defects

line defect

irregularities in ideal arrangement in some rows of lattice points

these irregularities are called crystal defects

stoichiometric defects

defects that donot disturb the stoichio of the solid

also called intrinsicor thermodynamic defects

VACANCY DEFECT

when some lattice sites are vacant

decrease in density

can develop when solid is heated

INTERSTITIAL DEFECT

when some constituent particles occupy interstitial sites

increase in density

for ionic solids

cannot lose electrical neutrality so show

FRENKEL DEFECT

smaller ion is dislocated from its normal site to interstitial site

also called dislocation point defect

doesnt change the density

shown by solids in which there is a large difference in size of ions

ex : ZnS, AgCl, AgBr, AgI

SCHOTTKY DEFECT

no of missing cations & anions are equal

decreases the density

shown by solids in which the size of cations & anions are similar

ex : NaCl, KCl, CsCl, AgBr

CLOSE PACKED STRUCTURES

in 1D

CN = 2

in 2D

AAA type(square close packing)(CN = 4) & ABAB type (hexagonal CP)(CN = 6)

in 3D

AAA type

CN = 8

ABAB type

no of CP spheres =N

no of octahedral voids generated = N

no of tetrahedral voids generated = 2N

covering tetrahedral void in 3rd layer

hcp - hxagonal CP

ABAB type

CN = 12

packing efficiency = 74%

covering octaherdal voids in 3rd layer

ABCABC type

cubic close packing - ccp / face centered cubic - fcc

CN = 12

packing efficiency = 74%

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES

CONDUCTORS: 10^4 to 10^7, INSULATORS: 10^-20 to 10^-10, SEMICOND'R: 10^-6 to 10^4

conduction in semicond'rs

gap b/w valance and conduction band less, conductivity increases with rise in temp,

INTRINSIC SC : pure sc like SI &Ge, low conductivity so some ipurity is added(doping)

N type: electron rich impurity added,group 15,electrons increase conductivity, P type: electron deficit impurity added,13 group,holes increse conductivity

CRYSTAL LATTICES & UNIT CELLS

the regular 3D arrangement of pt's in space is called crystal lattice

14 possibel 3d lattices -- bravais lattices

unit cells

primitive UC -- particles only at corners

total no of atoms in 1 UC =8x1/8=1atom

body centered UC -- particles at corners and body centre

no of atoms in bcc = 2

face centered -- at corners and at faces of each side

no of atoms in fcc = 4

end centered -- at corners and centres of any 2 opp faces