Mind Map Gallery Routes of Drug Administrator Mind Map

Routes of Drug Administrator Mind Map

Creating a drug administrator mind map is an efficient and effective way to visualize how a drug will be administered and allows you to assess potential conflict with other medications or treatments. Typical topics that may need to be mapped include the route of administration of the drug (oral, topical, intravenous, etc.), potential interactions with medications or foods, storage requirements, frequency of administration, dosage amount based on patient weight or condition, side effects, monitoring frequency related to therapeutic effect or adverse reactions from the drug. A completed mind map can form an important part of treating and managing a patient’s medication regimen. With the help of EdrawMind, you can create similar mind maps illustrating elaborated drug administration types and effects.

Edited at 2023-01-29 14:32:08

Ibrahim Saad ALSAFYAH AL-qahtani

Routes of Drug Administrator Mind Map

Ibrahim Saad ALSAFYAH AL-qahtani

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Outline

Routs of drug Administration

The route of administration (ROA) that is chosen may have a profound ,effect upon the speed and efficiency with which the drug acts

Enteral

Oral P.O

The drug is introduced through the mouth in a variety of dosage forms including

Tablets, Capsules and Powders

Solutions, Emulsions, Suspensions

Advantages

Convenient - Can be self- administered, pain free, easy to take

Absorption - Takes place along the whole length of the GI tract

Cheap - Compared to other parenteral routes.

Limits the number of systemic infections.

Toxicities or overdose may be reversed with emesis or antidotes such as activated charcoal.

Disadvantages

Sometimes inefficient - part of the drug may be absorbed

First-pass effect - drugs absorbed orally are initially transported to the liver via the portal vein

The first pass effect (also known as first-pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism)

is a phenomenon of drug metabolism specifically when administered orally, is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation.

Irritation to gastric mucosa - nausea and vomiting

Destruction of drugs by gastric acid; eg: Penicillins

Effect too slow for emergencies

Unpleasant taste of some drugs

Unable to use in unconscious and uncooperative patient

Oral - controlled-release, timed-release, sustained-release (SR-)

designed to produce slow, uniform absorption for 8 hours or longer

Better compliance, maintain effect over night, eliminate extreme peaks and troughs

Parenteral

Intravascular (IV, IA)- placing a drug directly into the blood stream

Advantages

Absorption phase is bypassed

(100% bioavailability)

Precise, accurate dose delivered.

Large quantities can be given.

Treatment of unconscious patients

In emergencies, immediate onset of action.

Disadvantages

May cause pain, fear, and infections.

Self medication not possible

Withdrawal of drug not possible

Sterile procedure is required

Greater risk of adverse effects

High concentration attained rapidly may increace toxicity

Risk of embolism

Intramuscular (IM) - drug injected into skeletal muscle

Advantages

Very rapid absorption of

drugs in aqueous solution

Repository (Depot) and slow-release preparations

Disadvantages

Pain at injection sites for certain drugs

exmaples

Example: 1.Sustained-release haloperidol decanoate- extended neuroleptic effect.

Depot Estrogen, Progesterone, Testosterone, HCG.

Subcutaneous - Absorption of drugs from the subcutaneous tissues

Slow and constant absorption

Absorption is limited by blood flow, affected if circulatory problems exist

Concurrent administration of vasoconstrictor (Epinephrine) will delay absorption

Examples , Insulin programmable mechanical pumps and, Contraceptive levonorgestrel.

Intrathecal: Directly into the cerebrospinal fluid.

It is sometimes necessary to introduce drugs directly into the cerebrospinal fluid.

Injection occurs in the subarachnoid space between 2nd and 3rd lumber vertebrae.

exmaples

.Amphotericin B is used in treating cryptococcal meningitis.

Local anesthetics for epidura Anesthesial

Intraperitoneal injection: Directly into the peritoneal cavity.

The peritoneal cavity is a common injection site, used in intraperitoneal injection.

It provides a large surface area for absorption

The method is widely used to administer chemotherapy drugs to treat some cancers, in particular ovarian cancer

Inhalation

Particles larger than 20 micron impact in the mouth and throat. but Particles smaller than 0.5 micron directly enter the lungs

. Gaseous and volatile agents and aerosols

Rapid onset of action due to rapid access to circulation

a. Large surface area

b. Thin membranes separates alveoli from circulation

c. High blood flow

Example

Salbutamol

Albuterol

Topical

Mucosal membranes

eye drops, antiseptic, sunscreen, nasal, otic drops, etc

Skin

Dermal - rubbing in of oil or ointment (local action)

Transdermal - absorption of drug through skin (systemic action) e.g Nitroglycerine transdermal patch

No first pass metabolism

Intranasal

This route involves administration of drugs directly into the nose.

examples

Nasal decongestants such as Phenylephrine, mometasone furoate.

Desmopressin in the treatment of diabetes insipidus

Mucosal administration

The mucosa provides an excellent method of administration of many drugs. This includes

Sublingual : By inserting a tablet under the tongue.

rapid absorption through buccal mucosa.

avoidance of first-pass metabolism.

Disadvantages

Inconvenient

Small doses

Unpleasant taste of some drugs

Rectal

The rectal route is useful if the drug

induces vomiting when given orally

Avoids first pass metabolism

The rectal route is commonly used to administer antiemetics

disadvatiges

Many drugs irritate the rectal mucosa Inconvenient and Embarrassing

first pass effect for deep rectal

Time until effect

Intravenous: 30-60 seconds

inhalation 2-3 minutes

sublingual 3-5 minutes

intramuscular 10-20 minutes

subcutaneous 15-30 minutes

rectal 5-30 minutes

ORAL ingestion 30-90 minutes

transdermal (topical) variable (minutes - hours)