Mind Map Gallery Biology Mind Map
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Biology Mind Map
This is a mind map of the biology review for 2022! Biology is a branch of science that deals with living organisms and their vital processes. Biology encompasses diverse fields, including botany, conservation, ecology, evolution, genetics, marine biology, medicine, microbiology, molecular biology, physiology, and zoology.
Edited at 2023-01-04 14:06:59
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Biology School Year 2022
Body Systems
The Skeletal System
Major components
Tendon
The connective tissues that transmit the mechanical force of muscle contraction to the bones
Ligament
A tough, fibrous connective tissue that serves to support the internal organs and hold bones together (joints)
Bone Marrow
Red Bone Marrow
Type of bone marrow that is red in color
Functions
Produces all types of blood cells (exceptions are some lymphocytes)
Helps in the destruction of old red blooed cells, along with the liver & spleen
Yellow Bone Marrow
Type of bone marrow that is yellow in color
Stores fat, grows as humans age
Can be converted to red bone marrow under certain conditions, e.g. severe blood loss
Major bones
Cranium
Skull
Mandible
Head
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
Carpals
Metacarpals
Shoulders & Arm
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebral Column (Spinal Cord)
Pelvic Girdle
Upper-middle section
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Leg
Phalanges
The Circulatory System
Heart
The organ that pumps blood throughout the body
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Pumping Steps
Steps (Correct)
1. Blood enters the atria and ventricle
2. The atria contracts, squeezing more blood into the ventricle
3. The atrioventricular valves close
4. The semi-lunar valves open
5. The ventricle contracts, pumping the blood out of the heart and into the arteries
6. The semi-lunar valves close
Steps (Incorrect)
1. Blood enters the atria
2. Atria contract
3. Blood enters the ventricles
4. Atrioventricular valves close
5. Ventricles contract
6. Blood leaves the heart and enters the arteries
7. The semi-lunar valves close
8. The heart muscle relaxes
Arteries
The blood vessels that bring oxygenated blood away from the heart
Veins
The blood vessels that bring deoxygenated blood toward the heart
Capillaries
Extremely thin blood vessels that deliver oxygen to cells while picking up waste products. These are so thin that blood cells have to go through them single-file
Blood
Red Blood Cells
Oxygen carriers that use hemoglobin to trasnport oxygen to cells
Hemoglobin
Iron-containing protein in the blood that transports oxygen to the body cells
Oxyhemoglobin
Oxygenated hemoglobin, color -- bright red
Reduced hemoglobin
Deoxygenated hemoglobin, color -- purplish blue
White Blood Cells
Another name for the immune cells, kills pathogens / parasites
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Killer T Cells
Memory Killer T Cells
Helper T Cells
Memory Helper T Cells
Dendritic Cells
B Cells
Plasma Cells
Memory B Cells
Mast Cells
Antibodies
Complement
Natural Killer Cells
Basophils
Eosinophils
These we did not learn, I just put them up there
Blood Plasma
The liquid portion of blood (mixture of water, sugar, protein, and others). It is vital for blood pressure and helps with homeostasis (See Homeostasis)
Blood Types
Type A
A antigen
B antibody
Type B
B antigen
A antibody
Type O (Universal Donor)
A antibodies
B antibodies
Type AB (Universal Receiver)
A antigens
B antigens
The Muscular System
Major muscles
Deltoid
Trapezius
Biceps Brachii
Triceps Brachii
Pectoralis Major
Latissimus Dorsi
Abdominals
External Abdominal Obliques
Gluteus Maximus
Quadriceps
Sartorius
Gastrocnemius
Muscle types
Voluntary
A muscle that is controlled by the brain, only moves when it receives a signal from it
Examples
BIceps
Triceps
Quadriceps
Abdominals
Involuntary
A muscle that doesn't need to monitoring of the brain, moves by itself
Reflexes
A type of involuntary action, usually due to stimuli
Examples
Heart Muscle
Intestine Muscle
Stomach Muscle
The Integumentary System
Skin
Epidermis
The very first layer of the skin, provents pathogens from passing through
Dermis
The layer under the Epidermis & is the largest layer of the skin (volume)
Subcutaneous
The most bottom layer of the skin, stores fat
Hair
Dead skin cells bullt on top of each other, originating in a hair follicle
Has a relationship with muscles while homeostasis; when the muscles contract to trap heat, the hairs stand up straight
Nails
Protects the skin on your fingertips, made of keratin
Keratin
The fibrous structural protein that can be found in / on hair, nails, the epithelial cells in the outermost layers of the skin
Gives the surfaces hardness, making them harder to be infected by pathogens or to be injured
Cell Structure
Parts of a cell (Most)
Nucleus
Holds the DNA of the cell
Chromatin
The material of which the chromosomes of organisms (except for bacteria) are made from
Nucleolus
Produces ribosomes
Rough ER
The rough and rigid type of Endoplasmic Reticulum, covered with ribosomes
Smooth ER
The smooth type of Endoplasmic Reticulum, produces lipids
Lipid
A diverse group of compounds that builds up the Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
Golgi Apparatus
Mitochondria
Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
The part of the cell that controls what goes in and out; made of lipids
The part of the cell that uses glucose to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through cellular respiration
Cellular Respiration
The metabotic process of where a mitochondria uses glucose and oxygen to produce ATP, often leaving carbon dioxide and water as a byproduct
Lysosome
An organelle that holds degradative enzymes to break down waste products
Cytoplasm
All the material inside the cell excluding the nucleus
Cytosol
The aqueous component of the cytoplasm of a cell, within which various organelles and particles are suspended
Centriole
The cylindrical organelle occurring in pairs and involved in the development of spindle fibers in cell division
Vesicle
The organelles in a cell that transports materials
Ribosome
The particle consisting of RNA found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells, produces proteins
Protein
Very complex substances that are present in all living organisms, participates in the chemical processes essential for life
Cytoskeleton
A microscopic network of protein filaments and tubules in the cytoplasm of many living cells, giving them shape and providing structure
Body Organization
Cell
The most basic unit of life, consists of different organelles (See Cell Structure)
Examples
Red Blood Cells
Immune Cells (Macrophages, Neutrophils...)
Neurons
Epithelial Cells
Tissue
A group of cells working together to do a specific function
Examples
Nervous
Epithelial
Muscular
Connective
Organ
A group of similar tissues working together to do a specific function
Examples
Heart
Liver
Spleen
Lungs
Stomach
Thymus
Intestines
Kidney
Brain
Organ System
A group of organs working together to take up an specific need of the body
Examples
Cardiovascular (Circulatory)
Respitory
Immune
Digestive
Nervous
Lymphatic
Organism
A living being made up of organ systems
Examples
Human
Rabbit
Tiger
Lion
Monkey
Orangutan
Whale
Major Tissues
Nervous
Called neurons, these nerve cells transfer information from cell to cell throughout the body using certain neurotransmitters (e.g. Adrenaline, Acetylcholine, Dopamine, etc.) A group of neurons make up nervous tissue
Epithelial
Made of neat "polygon-shaped" cells, this type of tissue lines the border of your skin
Muscular
Muscular tissue are made of thin strips of muscle cell, and they can work together to make a muscle (See Muscular System)
Connective
Be the name, connective tissue maintains the shape of the body, and provides internal organs with structure. Connective tissues could include bone, ligaments, tendons, cartilage, etc. (See Skeletal System)
Homeostasis
The process of trying to stay in equilibrium between the inside and outside, especially as maintained by processes such as exchange of substances and contraction of muscles when there's a change in temperature
A direct example of homeostasis is when it gets cold, the muscles will contract and keep the heat in your body in
An Aside: Melanin Melanin is a natural pigment found in skin, hair, eyes, etc. They darken the surface and reflect off UV radiation (mainly from the sun).
Red Color = Major Players in a cell (all parts are important though)
An Aside: Bone Marrow Bone Marrow is the soft, gelatinous tissue that fills the cavities of the bones. There are two types of bone marrow, which will be explained in the mind map.
Source: -> Britannica
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An Aside: Organelles So, what are organelles? They sound similar to organs, but they are almost completely different. Organelles are the like "organs" OF CELLS, while organs are the clumps of tissue OF YOUR BODY. Both of them do specific functions for the host. Organelles include Lysosomes, Mitochondria, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), etc.
Sources: -> Britannica -> Apple dictionary (Oxford)