Feeling of oneness

common consciousness

common territory

same historical, political and cultural back grounds.

love for their na- tion

Nationalism refers to the feeling of oneness and common consciousness that energes when people living in a common territory share the same historical, political and cultural back grounds. People may be speaking different languages (as in case of India) but the love for their na- tion keeps them together.

19th century

nationalism emerged

changes in the political and mental

emergence of the nation-state

During the 19th century nationalism emerged as a force in Europe. It brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe which resulted in emergence of the nation-state.

French artist

series of four prints

dream

Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist drew a series of four prints which depicted his dream of a world made up of ‘Democratic and Social Republics’ in 1848.

government

no restraints

monarchical

centralised

militarised

repressive

Literally, a government of system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised. In history, the term refers to a form of monarchical government that was centralised, militarised and repressive.

A vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist.

Absolutism

Spread of liberal ideas

Slogan fo liberty, Equality and Fraternity

Role of educated middle class

French Revolution 1789

Civil Code 1804

Viena Confrence 1815

Revolution by Liberals 1848

Unification of Germany 1866-1871

Unification of Italy 1859-1871

The French Revolutionaries introduced various measures and practices

la patrie (the fatherland)

le citoyen (the citizen)

From the very begining of the French Revolution, the French revolution- aries introduced various measures and practices that could create a sense of collective identity (nationalism) amongst the French people.

uniform law

Civil Code of 1804

There were no nation-states in the mid-18th century Europe.

Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.

They did not see themselves as sharing a collective unity or a common culture.

Aristocracy, was a small group but it was the dominant class in the continent. They owned estates and property.

Due to industrialisation the new social groups of working class and middle class population, including industrialists, businessmen, professionals came into existence.

The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber

In the early 19th century, ideas of national unity were closely related to the ideology of liberalism.

For the new middle classes, liberalism meant freedom for individual and equality of all before law.

In France, the right to vote and to get elected was granted exclusively to persons who owned property. Men without property and women were excluded from this right.

In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and the abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.

German-speaking regions

Napoleon’s administrative measures

currency, and weights and measures

Merchant travelling in 1833

The creation of a network of railways further stimulated mobility, harnessing economic interests to national unification.

A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time.

In 1834, a Customs Union or Zollverein was formed by Prussia and accepted by most of the German state.

The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.

A political philosophy that stressed the importance of tradition, established institutions and customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change

Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of conservatism.

Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society – like the monarchy, the Church, social hierarchies, property and the family – should be preserved.

They realised,from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernisation could in fact strengthen traditional institutions like the monarchy.

It could make state power more effective and strong.

A modern army, an efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, the abolition of feudalism and serfdom

The European powers like Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon met at Vienna and signed up the Treaty of Vienna in 1815.

The congress was hosted by the Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich and they drew up the Treaty of Vienna of 1815.

major outcomes

Features

Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic.

They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of autocratic governments.

No freedom of the press

Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers, books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom associated with the French Revolution

The liberal nationalists opposed monarchial forms that had been established after Vienna Congress and fight for liberty and freedom.

In Italian revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini became a member of secret society and found two underground societies, viz, Young Italy and Young Europe.

He was born in Genoa in 1807.

He became a member of secret society of the Carbonari.

As a young man of 24, he was sent to exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.

He subsequently founded two more underground societies, first, Young Italy in Marseilles and then, Young Europe in Berne.

Young Europe in Berne, whose members were like-minded young men from Poland, France, Italy and the German states.

Mazzini’s relent- less opposition to monarchy and his vision of democratic republics fright- ened the conservatives.

Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of mankind.

His relentless opposition to monarchy made Metternich to describe him as ‘the most dangerous enemy of our social order’.

He was the Austrian Chancellor.

He was born on 15th May 1773.

He had once remarked that “When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold”.

He took a prominent part in Congress of Vienna and dominated the European politics from 1814 to 1848.

He acted as the restorer of the ‘old Regime’ and the reconstruction of Europe after the Napoleonic wars.

They tried to consolidate their power

liberalism and nationalism came to be increasingly associated with revolution in many regions of Europe

Italian and German states, the provinces of the Ottoman Empire, Ireland and Poland.

These revolutions were led by the liberal-nationalists belonging to the educated middle-class elite, among whom were professors, schoolteachers, clerks and members of the commercial middle classes

The first upheaval took place in France in July 1830.

The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative reaction after 1815-Louis XVIII and Charles X

He were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.

The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands .

An event that mobilised nationalist feelings among the educated elite across Europe was the Greek war of independence.

Greece had been part of the Ottoman Empire since the fifteenth century.

The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for independence amongst the Greeks which began in 1821.

Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile and also from many West Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.

Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle against a Muslim empire.

The English poet Lord Byron organised funds and later went to fight in the war, where he died of fever in 1824.

Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent Nation.

The development of nationalism did not come about only through wars and territorial expansion.

Culture played an important role in creating the idea of the nation: art and poetry, stories and music helped express and shape nationalist feelings.

National Sentiment

Criticised

Collective heritage

German culture

It had been partitioned at the end of the eighteenth century by the Great Powers – Russia, Prussia and Austria.

Poland no longer existed as an independent territory, national feelings were kept alive through music and language.

Karol Kurpinski

Language

Symbol

Grimms’ Fairy Tales

The brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm were born in the German city of Hanau in 1785 and 1786 respectively.

Studied law

They spent six years travelling from village to village, talking to people and writing down fairy tales, which were handed down through the generations.

Collection of tales

Both the brothers became active in liberal politics, especially the movement for freedom of the press.

French domination

German national identity

The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.

The first half of the nineteenth century saw an enormous increase in population all over Europe.

In most countries there were more seekers of jobs than employment.

Population from rural areas migrated to the cities to live in overcrowded slums.

Small producers in towns were often faced with stiff competition from imports of cheap machine-made goods from England, where industrialisation was more advanced than on the continent.

This was especially so in textile production, which was carried out mainly in homes or small workshops and was only partly mechanised.

In those regions of Europe where the aristocracy still enjoyed power, peasants struggled under the burden of feudal dues and obligations.

The rise of food prices or a year of bad harvest led to widespread pauperism in town and country.

Food shortages and widespread unemployment brought the population of Paris out on the roads.

Barricades were erected and Louis Philippe was forced to flee.

National Assembly proclaimed a Republic, granted suffrage to all adult males above 21, and guaranteed the right to work.

National workshops to provide employment were set up.

Weavers in Silesia had led a revolt against contractors

Who supplied them raw material and gave them orders for finished textiles but drastically reduced their payments.

The journalist Wilhelm Wolff described the events in a Silesian village

In these villages (with 18,000 inhabitants) cotton weaving is the most widespread occupation

Demanding higher wages.

A revolution led by the educated middle classes was under way.

Parallel to the revolts of the poor, unemployed

Events of February 1848 in France

Abdication of the monarch

Republic based on universal male suffrage

Europe where independent nation-states did not yet exist

liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.

creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles

a constitution

freedom of the press

freedom of association.

Decided to vote for an all-German National Assembly.

On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched in a festive procession to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament

It was convened in the Church of St Paul.

They drafted a constitution for a German nation

German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament.

When the deputies offered the crown on these terms to Friedrich Wilhelm IV

Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, he rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.

The opposition of the aristocracy

Military became stronger

The social basis of parliament eroded

The parliament was dominated by the middle classes

They resisted the demands of workers and artisans

Consequently lost their support.

In the end troops were called in

The assembly was forced to disband.

The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one

large numbers of women had participated actively over the years.

Women had formed their own political associations

Founded newspapers

Political meetings and demonstrations

Despite this they were denied suffrage rights during the election of the Assembly.

Observers

conservative forces were able to suppress liberal movements in 1848,

Monarch's could not restore the old order

Monarchs were beginning to realise

Granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.

1848

Thus serfdom and bonded labour were abolished both in the Habsburg dominions and in Russia.

The Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians in 1867