Primitive Subsistence Agriculture: (a) This type of farming is practiced on small patches of land. (b) Primitive tools like: Hoe, Dao, Digging Sticks and family/community labour are used. (c) Farming mainly depends on monsoon and natural fertility of soil. (d) Crops are grown as per the suitability of the environmental condition. (e) This type of farming is also called 'slash and burn' agriculture. (f) A patch of land is cleared by slashing the trees and burning them. The ash is then mixed with the soil and the crops. When the soil loses its fertility, the land is abandoned and the cultivator moves to a new plot. (g) The final output of this farming technique is just enough for the family. (h) Slash and burn agriculture is also known as Shifting cultivation. (i) Slash and burn agriculture is known by different names in the world: • Jhumming: Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland

Intensive Subsistence Agriculture: (a) This type of farming is practiced in thickly populated areas. (b) In intensive subsistence agriculture the farmer cultivates a small plot of land using simple tools and more labour. (c) There is huge population pressure on this type of farming. (d) It is labour intensive. (e) This involves high degree of use of biochemical inputs and irrigation.

COMMERCIAL FARMING (a) In commercial farming crops are grown and animals are reared for sale in market. (b) The area cultivated is very large. (c) It is capital intensive. (d) Most of the work is done by machines. (e) Chemical fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides are used. (f) High yielding variety (HYV) seeds are used in order to get maximum output. (g) In the states like Punjab, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Maharashtra commercial farming is done on a large scale. (h) Rice is a commercial crop in Punjab and Haryana but in Odisha, it is a subsistence crop.

Rice

Wheat