Mind Map Gallery Kingdom Plantae
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Kingdom Plantae
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Edited at 2020-10-08 08:19:00
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- Outline
Kingdom Plantae
Origins
- Green Algae (Charophytes)
- Reasons for colonizingland
- Few predators
- Plentiful CO2
- Unfiltered sun
- Evidence
- Both have Cellulose cellwalls
- Cell plates are produced thesame way
- Plants and Charophytes have Peroxisomesthat contain the same enzyme, no otheralgae has
- Peroxizome: an organelle found in plantsthat breaks down fatty acids and produceshydrogen peroxide
- Sperm structures areclosely related
- Sporopollenin preventszygote from drying out
- Sporopollenin: a layer ofdurable polymer
- 500 MYA
- Symbiotic relation betweenfungi and first land plants
- fungi gave plants (withoutroots) nutrients
General Information of all Plants
- Alteration of Generations
- 1 generation of the plant is Diploid, thenext generation will be haploid, and thenext Diploid
- Haploid plants grow fromspores
- Diploid plants grow from azygote
- Important Terminology
- Gametophyte
- A haploid plant thatproduces gametes byMitosis
- Sporophyte
- A diploid plant thatproduces spores by Miosis
- Bryophyte
- Refers to all non vascularplants
- Ovule
- Megasporangium,megaspore, andintegument
- Embreophytes
- Land plants
- Cuticle
- The epidermes,consisting of wax andpolyester
- Gametangia
- Antheridia
- Male gametangia, wheremany sperm are produced
- Where gametes areproduced
- Archegonia
- Female gametangia where asingle egg is produced
- Four traits of all landplants
- Alternation ofGeneration
- Apical meristems
- Localized regions ofcell division
- Walled Spores producedin sporangia
- Multicellulargametangia
Importance
- Ecological
- helps the colonization ofnew land
- Seeded plants are thedominant producers
- Economical
- Fuel
- Fossil Fuels
- Decay of Carboniferousforests became coal
- Alternative Fuel
- mosses decay to peatwhich can be burned
- Food
- Most of our food comesfrom angiosperms
- 6 crops yield 80% ofcalories we consume
- Wood
- xylem tissue of seededvascular plants
- Medicine
- Secondary compoundsof seeded plants
Types
- Vascular
- Non- seeded
- Life cycle dominated bySporophytes
- Plant Structure
- Phloem
- Conducts sugars and aminoacids through the plant
- Roots
- absorbs water andnutrients from the soil.Also anchors the plant
- Leaves
- Sporophylls
- Modified leaves that bearsporangia
- Sori
- clusters of sporangia inferns
- Homosporus
- 1 type of sporangium,typically bisexual
- Heterosporus
- 2 types of sporangium
- Megasporangium
- producesMegaspores
- Develop into femalegametophytes
- Microsporangium
- ProducesMicrospores
- Develop into malegametophytes
- Strobili
- groups of sporophyllus thatform cone-like structures
- Primary Photosynthetic Organ
- Megaphylls
- highly branched vascularsystem
- Lycophytes
- Oldest lineage of presentday vascular plants
- ONLY ones to haveMicrophylls
- Leaves with a single strandof vascular tissue
- Xylem
- Conducts water andminerals through the plant
- Lignin
- Phenolic polymers thatstrengthen waterconducting cells cell walls
- Tracheids
- tube shaped cellsthat carry water
- Allowed plants to grow tallerand gain access to sunlight
- Independant Sporophytes
- Seeded
- Morphology
- Ovule
- Integument
- a layer of Sporophyte tissue thatenvelops and protects themegasporangium
- Megasporansium andmegaspore
- Pollen
- Male Gametophyte in aprotien wall
- Angiosperms
- Morphology
- Fruits are matureovaries
- Help disperse seeds of theplant
- Reproduces withthe flower
- Petals: Aid in attractingpollinators
- Carpel: female reproductivestructure
- Stigma: Receives pollen
- Ovary: contains ovules,develops into seed
- Style: Path to the ovary,connected to stigma
- Pollen tube growsthrough to allowfertilization
- Double fertization occurs whentwo sperm meets femalegamete
- Sepals: Encloses flowerbefore it opens
- Stamens: malereproductive structure
- Anther: Where pollen isproduced
- Filament: stalk of theanther
- Seed plants that produceflowers and fruits
- Groups
- Monocotyledons
- Have one cotyledon in the seed, parallelleaf veination and flowering parts inmultiples of threes
- Examples:
-orchids
-lilies
-grasses
- Dicotyledons
- Eudicots "true dicots"
- Have two cotyledon in theseeds, net leaf veinationand flowering partsusually in multiples of 4sor 5s
- Examples:
-oaks
-roses
-peas
-beans
- Gymnosperm
- Seeds are not encased inovaries, but exposed oncones
- Groups
- Most ecologicallysignificant group
- Conifers
- Examples:
-pines
-spruces
-redwoods
-firs
- Non-Vascular
- Life cycle is dominated byGametophytes
- Sporophytes rely on thegametophyte for survival
- Non vascular means they donot have xylem or phylemtissues
- Accounts for their small size
- Water is required forfertilization
- commonly called bryophytes
- Examples of Organisms
- Liverworts
- Hornworts
- Mosses
- Closely related to vascularplants
- Plant Structure
- Gametophytes
- Protonema
- Proto (first) nema (threads). Aone cell thick mass thatabsorbs water and minerals
- Gametophore
- Generates gamete producingstructures
- Rhizoids
- Structures that anchor a gametophyte tothe ground. Long tubular either single cellor filaments of cells
- Sporophytes
- Capsule
- Uses materials to producespores, up to 50 million
- Seta
- Conducts materials to theCapsule
- Foot
- Anchors the plant to theGametophyte
- Stomata
- Most commonly in vascularplants, allow CO2 and O2exchange