English Grammar | Mind Map

Verbs & Verb Patterns

Forms

Finite

The tense

Simple

Present

Past

Compound

Present progressive

Past progressive

Future nonprogressive

Future progressive

Present perfect nonprogressive

Present perfect progressive

Past perfect nonprogressive

Past perfect progressive

Future perfect nonprogressive

Future perfect progressive

Examples

am

is

are

was

were

Nonfinite

The infinitive

(to) Present

(to) Perfect

The participle

Present

Past

The gerund

Examples

(to) be

(to) have been

being

been

Auxiliaries

Finites of do

Finites of be

Modal

Anomalous finite (AF)

Finites of do

Finites of be

Finites of modal auxiliaries

Functions

The formation of the negative

The formation of the interrogative

The interrogativenegative

Other examples of inversion

Avoidance of repetition

Tag questions

Responses

The emphatic affirmative

Adverb position

Not always anomalous

Is restricted to those finites whichcombine with not in this way

Not always auxiliary

Defective

Some parts are missing

Irregular

Intransitive

Has a subject but no object

Transitive

Must have an object

Modals

Tenses

Present

Continuous

Doing smth at or around the timeof speaking

Action is not complete

She is on her way to work. She isdriving to work

In the middle of doing smth = I&#39;vestarted doing it and I haven&#39;tfinished

Not at the time of speaking

I&#39;m reading a really good book atthe moment

Temporary situations

Do things very often,

perhaps too often, or more oftenthan normal

I&#39;m always losing things

Present for the future

Have already decided andarranged to do smth

More natural when we talk aboutpersonal arrangements

He is playing tennis on Monday afternoon

Be going to is also possible

What are you going to do onSaturday evening?

Do not use will

Action just before you begin to do smth

Especially with verbs ofmovement (go/come/leave etc.)

&#39;Jess, are you ready yet?&#39; &#39;Yes, I&#39;m coming.&#39;

Indicators

Additions

today

this week

this year

Verbs

get

change

become

increase

rise

fall

grow

improve

begin

start

Not used

see

hear

smell

taste

feel

Special

Think

consider

I&#39;m thinking about whathappened. I often think about it

Be going to

Have already decided to dosmth, intend to do smth

I&#39;m just going to make a quickphone call. Can you wait for me?

Perhaps not arranged to do smth

&#39;Your shoes are dirty.&#39; &#39;Yes, I know. I&#39;m going todean them.&#39; (=I&#39;ve decided to clean them, but Ihaven&#39;t arranged to clean them)

Often the difference is very smalland either form is possible

The situation now makes it clearthat &#39;something is going tohappen&#39;

Predict future happenings and situations

We know this from the situation now

The man isn&#39;t looking where he isgoing. He is going to walk into thewall

Look at those black clouds! lt&#39;sgoing to rain. (the clouds are therenow)

Simple

Smth happens all the time or repeatedly

Permanent situations

I usually go away at weekends

Smth is true in general

The earth goes round the sun

Say how often we do things

I get up at 8 o&#39;clock every morning

Present for the future

Talk about timetables, programmesetc. (for public transport, cinemasetc.)

My train leaves at 11.30, so Ineed to be at the station by 11.15

Talk about people if their plansare fixed like a timetable

I start my new job on Monday

The continuous is more usual forpersonal arrangements

Indicators

Additions

every morning

often

three times a year

Verbs

promise

apologise

suggest

advise

insist

agree

refuse

Special

Think

believe / have an opinion

I think Mary is Canadian, but I&#39;m not sure

Have

For possession, relationships,illnesses etc.

No difference in meaning with have got

Lisa has two brothers. or Lisa&#39;sgot two brothers

Cannot use continuous forms

For the past we use had (without got)

Questions and negative sentences also

Did you have a car when you wereliving in Paris?

Lisa had long hair when she was a child

Questions and negative sentences

Do you have any questions?

Have you got any questions?

Have you any questions?

For many actions andexperiences (but not have got)

Can use continuous forms

We&#39;re having a great time

Sometimes I have(= eat) asandwich for my lunch

Perfect

The action in the past has a result now

Done smth recently, and theresult is still active

&#39;Where&#39;s your key?&#39; &#39;I don&#39;t know.I&#39;ve lost it&#39; (he doesn&#39;t have his keynow)

A connection with now (about the

situation now, until now)

Smth has been finished. Are interestedin the result of the activity, not the activityitself

Do not use the present perfect ifthe situation now is different

They&#39;ve gone away. They&#39;ll be back on Friday BUTThey went away, but I think they&#39;re back at homenow

Usually new information

Police have arrested two men inconnection with the robbery

A short time ago

Can also use the past simple

&#39;Are you hungry?&#39; &#39;No, I&#39;ve just had lunch.&#39;

Do not use the present perfectwhen you talk about a finished time

I got home late last night. I wasvery tired and went straight to bed

Smth happened sooner thanexpected; speaker is expecting smthto happen

&#39;Don&#39;t forget to pay your electricitybill.&#39; &#39;I&#39;ve already paid it.&#39;

Talk about a period of time thatcontinues from the past until now

Smth that began in the past andstill continues now

They have been married for 20 years

Have you ever eaten caviar?

&#39;Have you read Hamlet?&#39; &#39;No, Ihaven&#39;t read any of Shakespeare&#39;splays.&#39;

Periods are not finished at thetime of speaking

I haven&#39;t seen Tom this morning.Have you? (it is still morning)

The (first) time smth has happened

Bill is phoning his girlfriend again. That&#39;sthe third time he&#39;s phoned her thisevening

Indicators

Additions

just

already

Smth happened sooner than expected

yet

recently

in the Last few days

so far

since breakfast

today

this evening / week

this year

Special

Have got

For possession, relationships,illnesses etc.

No difference in meaning with have

They have a new car. or They&#39;vegot a new car

Cannot use continuous forms

For the past we use had (without got)

Questions and negative sentences also

I didn&#39;t have my phone, so I couldn&#39;t call you

Lisa had long hair when she was a child

Questions and negative sentences

Does she have a car?

Has she got a car?

Has she a car?

For many actions and experiences

Perfect continuous

The activity is still happening orhas just stopped

A connection with now

Is it raining? No, but the groundis wet. lt has been raining

Tim is still wat ching TV. He&#39;sbeen watching TV all day

Thinking of the activity. lt does not

matter whether it has been finished or not

There is paint on Kate&#39;s clothes.

She has been painting her bedroom

Actions repeated over a period of time

Silvia is a very good t ennis player.She&#39;s been playing since she waseight

Say how long (for something thatis still happening)

I&#39;m learning Arabic, but I haven&#39;t been

learning it very long

Indicators

Additions

how long

for

since

how long

Not used

Special

Want &amp; mean

I&#39;ve been meaning to phone Jane,but I keep forgetting

Past

Continuous

Were in the middle of doing smthat a certain time

Had not finished doing

Started at 10 o&#39;clock and finished at11.30. So, at 10.30 they were playingtennis

Situation had already startedbefore this time, but had notfinished

Use the past simple and the past continuoustogether to say that something happened in themiddle of something else

Matt phoned while we were having dinner

Indicators

Additions

when

while

Not used

know

want

Simple

Tells only about the past

Did smth at some

time in the past

He lost his key

Doesn&#39;t tell whether has theresult now or not

Now Tom has found his key. He has it now

Talk about a finished time in

the past

The situation now is different

lt stopped raining for a while, butnow it&#39;s raining again

New or recent happenings

I repaired the washing machine.lt&#39;s working OK now

Things that are not recent or new

Mozart was a composer. He wrotemore than 600 pieces of music

Continue to talk about new information

I&#39;ve burnt myself. How did you do that?

Indicators

Additions

yesterday

ten minutes ago

in 2005

from 2007 to 2010

when I was a child

last night

Question

When

What time

Perfect

Talk about something that happened in the past(the starting point of the story), then want to talkabout things that happened before this time

When Sarah arrived at the party,Paul had already gone home

Karen didn&#39;t want to go to the cinemawith us because she&#39;d already seen themovie

Perfect continuous

Smth had been happening for a periodof time before something elsehappened

When the boys came into the house, their clotheswere dirty, their hair was untidy and one of themhad a black eye. They&#39;d been fighting

Not used

Future

Continuous

I will be in the middle of doing it

This time next week I&#39;ll be on holiday. I&#39;llbe lying on the beach or swimming in thesea

Talk about complete actions in the future

Later in the programme, I&#39;ll betalking to the Minister ofEducation

Similar to (be) going to

Simple

Have just decided to do smth,announcing our decision

A new idea

Oh, I&#39;ve left the door open. I&#39;ll go and shut it

Often use I think I&#39;ll ... and I don&#39;t think I&#39;ll ...

I feel a bit hungry. I think I&#39;ll havesomething to eat

Do not use will to talk about whatyou decided before

Are you working tomorrow?

Do not use will to say about arrangements

Diane is working next week

Offering / suggesting to do something

That bag looks heavy. I&#39;ll help you with it

Shall I ... ? Shall we .. . ? to asksomebody&#39;s opinion

I&#39;ve got no money. What shall Ido? (= What do you suggest?)

Agreeing to do something

Can you give Tim this book? Sure, I&#39;llgive it to him when I see him thisafternoon

Promising to do something

Thanks for lending me the money.I&#39;ll pay you back on Friday

Asking somebody to dosomething (Will you ... ?)

Will you please turn the musicdown? I&#39;m trying to concentrate

Smb refuses to do smth (won&#39;t)

I&#39;ve tried to give her advice, butshe won&#39;t listen.

Predict a future happening or situation

Know or believe will happen

Anna looks completely differentnow. You won&#39;t recognise her

Indicators

Additions

probably

(I&#39;m) sure

(I) think

(I) don&#39;t think

I wonder

Perfect

Smth will already be completebefore a time in the future

We&#39;re late. The film will already havestarted by the time we get to thecinema

Conditionals

Zero conditional

If + present simple

present simple

General or scientific facts and definitions

First conditional

If + present continuous / simple / perfect

will / may / might / can / could /should / ought to / have to +infinitive

Real or likely conditions in thepresent or future

Results in the present and future

Give instructions about real orlikely situations

Second conditional

If + past simple / continuous / could(was / were able to)

would / could (would be able to) /might + infinitive

Impossible, unlikely orhypothetical conditions in thepresent or future

Results in the present or future

Advice

If + was / were, would

Don&#39;t expect that smth will happen

Imagine smth that will not happen

If ... would

Ask somebody to do something

I would be grateful if you would letme know your decision

Third conditional

If + past perfect / simple / continuous

would / might / could / should +have + past particle

Hypothetical conditions in the past

Results in the past

Mixed conditional

If + past perfect / simple / continuous

would + infinitive

Hypothetical conditions in the past

Results in the present

If + past simple / continuous

would + have + past particle

Hypothetical present condition

Past result

Articles

Countable

Singular

a/an

Not a specific thing

What kind of thing (peron) smth (smb) is

That's a nice table

Smb has a long nose / nice face etc.

What smb's job is

First time talk about smth

Once a week / three time a day / £1.5 a kilo

etc.

the

Thinking of a specific thing

Обстоятельство

Причастный оборот

Smth has already been mentioned

It is clear in the situation which person or

thing we mean

The light in this room

The station in this town

Usual doctor

Specific bank

There is only one of smth (unique)

The before same (the same)

Type of animal / machine /musical instrument etc.

Have a piano vs. Play the piano

Names of people / names of places

Names with Republic, Kingdom,States etc.

Names of oceans, seas, rivers & canals

The north (of Brazil)

Names of most city streets / roads/ parks etc.

Names with of ...

The Bank of England

The Museum of Modern Art

Zero article

Noun + number

Platform 5

Room 126

Page 29

Thinking of a general idea of places & what

they are used for

Hospital

University

College

Television

The station

The theatre

The radio

The television

The television set

Names of people / names of places

Mr / Mrs / Captain / Doctor etc.

Mount

Lake

Northern Brazil

my

Cannot use alone

Plural

Some

A number of / a few of / a pair of

Some but not all

Talking about things in general

Any

Few

Many

Zero article

Thinking of a general idea of thing & what it

is used for

All cars have wheels

Children learn from playing

What kind of thing (peron) smth (smb) is

One of many stars

Those are nice chairs

Smb has a long nose / nice face etc.

Most people / most cars etc.

the

Thinking of a specific thing

Обстоятельство

Причастный оборот

the + adjective (group of people)

The young

The rich

The unemployed

the + nationality adjective

The English

A Frenchman

The Chinese

A Chinese

Mexicans

A Mexican

Uncountable

a/an

a ... of

Some

Any

Little

Much

Usually uncountable

News

Not plural

The news was depressing (notThe news were)

Information

Advice

Behaviour

Damage

Weather

Work

Progress

Permission