Mind Map Gallery Makoko Water Solutions
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Makoko Water Solutions
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Edited at 2020-09-28 09:01:16
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- Outline
Makoko Water Solutions
The Problem
- Built on water but lack of access to clean and safe drinking water
- Considered an “illegal settlement” so severe lack ofgovernment investment results in city needing to be selfsufficient: 70 % of the families in Makoko lack publicwater
- Most water is provided to citizens through private smallentrepreneurs who dig up groundwater and sell it on differentlocations around Makoko. On average, a family in Makokospends 31 USD per month on ground water
- Health implications resulting from unclean waterin Makoko are vast; typhoid, malaria, diarrhea,and cholera are widespread
- Life expectancy of Makoko residents is under 40 years
Lessons Learned
- Successes
- The water privatization that already exists in Lagos has proven successful inproviding safe drinking water. This is in accordance with studies focusing oninfrastructure privatization in Africa overall. Studies show that privatizations havenumerous benefits, including efficiency gains, stable and reduced prices, andreduced government subsidies.
- The gap in water supply that currently exists is partly met byinformal water supply vendors, so called Mairuwa. Although thisalternative has limitations, it is a mean for families to get accesswater.
- Failure
- The Lagos Water Corporation’s solutions to increase the supply of clean andreliable water through focusing on improving current water infrastructure has notbeen enough. The water demand gap in 2014 was 300 MGD. Major challengesto improve Lagos’ current water infrastructure include lack of skilled manpower,limited funding, low level of productivity, and low levels of efficiency.
- Lagos Water Corporation aims to fund the Lagos State WaterSupply Plan 2010-2020 partly through private funding; despitefundraising campaigns, Lagos Water Corporation has not beenable to attract enough investors.
Solutions from Across Africa
- Water Pouches
- Polyethylene pouches are used to store potablewater and transported over distances to besold in easily mobile and individual quantities ofwater
- LifeStraw
- As mentioned in the opportunities section,LifeStraw has been deployed in Kenya tosuccess by the company‘s reporting
- Rainwater Harvesting
- Rainwater harvesting methods are collect natural rainwater and storage the contents in a reservoir. The reservoir is connected to a pump which the community can use to access clean water
- Gravity Flow Water Systems
- In locations that where the terrain is more mountainous or hill, a stream orbody of water from a higher location can be tapped and pumped into areservoir which is physically at a lower topography. This allows gravity tonaturally push water into a reservoir which is connected to a pump within avillage
- Hand pump
- Installed pumps atop subterraneous watersources, communities can individually pumpwater from the ground with this basic technology
- Rope Pump
- Used in Burkina Faso, this is similar to a water hand pump, butthe processes is automated by a lever connected to a wheel,which when spun will shuttle groundwater to the surface,augmenting efficiency of the volume of water pumped perminute
- Boreholes
- Used in Malawi, when the earth surface is difficult to penetrateor fresh water is deep below ground, a hydraulic borehole rigcan be employed to dig holes in excess of 100m in order tosource fresh groundwater
Solutions
- Current Working Solutions
- Mairuwa
- Meaning ’water-owner‘ in Hausa (one of Nigeria’s national languages) arethe most common informal water solution. They are individuals who queueand collect water from public taps and deliver to individual householdsand areas where there is no water. No guarantee that the water is potable.
- Household boreholes and wells
- The majority of formal households (as opposed to slum settlements) in Lagosrely on private boreholes. Manually drilled boreholes are unregulated and are nota guaranteed source of drinking water - many provide contaminated water (e.g.with salt, micro-organisms). In addition, there is an environmental risk from somany individual boreholes.
- Public taps
- Future Solutions
- Floating Communities
- Given a small ecosystem of newly-built and self-sustainable floating communities, rain waiter harvest and purification methods could be employed en masse to support that greater community with drinking water. Rain water purification methods would need to be parsed out into a detailed plan with proper technologies in place. Thus far, NLE Studios (the studio that has designed theFloating School schematic) has only alluded to rain water purification systems in their architecture but with noactionable evidence of this capability thus far.
Opportunities
- LifeStraw
- Hyper-mobile innovations like the LifeStraw could be used inMakoko for relatively micro-level water purification. LifeStrawhas been deployed in Western Kenya to success, with hundredsof schools provided access to clean drinking water.
- Bicycle Water Purifier
- Developed by Japanese company Nippon Basic, the Bicycle waterpurification system filters water, powered by the rotation of the bike pedals. If this technology could be slightly re-engineered to be powered by themovement of a boat, mobile filtration methods could be developed, customto Makoko
- The Watercone
- Solar powered water filtration to potentially be used atop floating communities
Obstacles
- Government
- The Government is reluctant to recognize Makoko as a legitimatecommunity as demonstrated by its 2013 destruction of several housingstructures. We assume that based on the governments actions, anylong-term prospective solutions will face political barriers to entry inMakoko
- Community
- Makoko community
- The community is not welcoming to outsiders. According to the Guardian‘sphotographer, John Vidal, "[i]t is dangerous to go in without guides, andvolatile" (Vidal, 2005). This makes it hard to get reliable information about thewater situation, hard to develop, test and role out new solutions, regardless ofthe potential to increase access to potable water.
- Existing water solution stakeholders
- There is resistance to expanding government or new, privatesolutions from those who currently deliver the existing workingsolutions. These stakeholders include formal water truck lobbiesand informal gangs.
- Makoko suffers from a severe lack of infrastructure. Thus potable water is brought it from long distances by way of boreholes or Mairuwa who sell clean drinking water. The lack of insfrastructure, including proper water drainage, piping for clean water, clean water plumbing systems, water sanitization plants, waste disposal and intermittent electricity supply will cause substantial difficulty for any non-mobile source of water sanitation as any water sanitation innovation will need to be self-sustaining or independent in order to reliably produce a consistentpotable water supply.
- Infrastructure
- Black market for water
- Due to the lack of available clean drinking water, a black marketfor trading water has arisen whereby locals travel up north toobtain clean water from bore holes or other clean water sourceswhich is then packaged and sold back to the local community for aprofit
- There are several communal water points butlocals have to paddle up to 3km to get thereand then pay up to 3p for a 10L bucket of water
- Asymmetric information - the black market leads to a problem of asymmetricinformation. Given the high price of privately traded water, there is incentive to sellmore accessible lower quality water to capture some of the profit. As the buyerisn’t aware of quality and source of the water, absent any ability of vendor to signalor verify the quality of water the buyer is exposed to being ripped off
Stakeholders & Institutions
- NGOs
- Water Aid
- Water Initiatives Nigeria (WIN)
- African Medical and ResearchFoundation (AMREF)
- Municipal Government
- Regulatory Agencies
- The Lagos State Water Regulatory Commission is responsible forprotecting the interest of investors and consumers in the watersector, it is also charged with settling disputes betweenproduces and consumers
- Monitoring Agencies
- Lagos State Drug Quality Assurance Laboratory isresponsible for monitoring the quality of pipeddrinking water in Lagos State
- Supply and Quality Agencies
- The Lagos Water Corporation is the public water utility taskedwith supplying potable water in the Lagos Metropolitan area. itis also tasked with ensuring that the supplied water conformswith standards
- Waste Water ManagementAgencies
- The Lagos State Waste Management Office is responsible for allissues related to waste water management in Lagos state. It isalso tasked with the development of eco-friendly waste watertechnology
- Multilaterals
- World Bank
- The World Bank provides loansto the Nigerian government
- African Development Bank
- Provide loans to the Nigeriangovernment
- European Union (EU)
- Provide loans to the Nigeriangovernment
- USAID
- Provide loans to the Nigeriangovernment
- Private Investors
- The Lagos Water Corporation has been activelysoliciting private partners for investment intowater infrastructure
The Makoko Floating School is designed to adapt to the resident communities’ lifestyle; it is built by local materials such as timber and bamboo, and it utilizes sustainable techniques and features including applications for solar cells on the roof, rainwater catchment systems, and composting toilets.